Narrative Reviews
Cardiac Output Monitoring
Image: Shutterstock / sfam_photo
General
Non-Invasive
Validation Studies
Methods
Thermodlution
Pulse Wave Analysis
- Kouz. Pulse Wave Analysis to Estimate Cardiac Output. Anesthesiology 2021;134(1):119-126
- Saugel. Cardiac output estimation using pulse wave analysis-physiology, algorithms, and technologies: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth. 2021;126(1):67-76
- Grensemann. Cardiac Output Monitoring by Pulse Contour Analysis, the Technical Basics of Less-Invasive Techniques. J Front Med 2018;5:64
Settings
Resource-Limited
Complications
Complication
Monitoring & Investigations
General
Pulmonary Artery Catheter
General
- Lee. Right Heart Catheterization: Best Practices and Specific Considerations. Int J Heart Fail. 2026;8(2):137-146
- Zeder. Right Heart Catheterization in Heart Failure: Indications, Interpretation, and Pitfalls. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(34):3354-3372
- Katbamna. The Uses of Right Heart Catheterization in Cardio-Pulmonary Disease: State-of-the-Art. Am Heart J Plus. 2025;49:100488
- Gilbert-Kawai. Pulmonary Artery Catheterisation. BJA Educ. 2024;24(12):447-457
- Manzi. Contemporary Evidence and Practice on Right Heart Catheterization in Patients with Acute or Chronic Heart Failure. Diagnostics 2024;14(2):136
- Szabo. PRO: The pulmonary artery catheter has a paramount role in current clinical practice. Ann Card Anaesth 2021;24:4-7
- Navas-Blanco. CON: Pulmonary artery catheter use should be forgone in modern clinical practice. Ann Card Anaesth 2021;24:8-11
Alternatives
Echocardiography
PiCCO
Carbon Dioxide Based
Last updated August 4th, 2026