Management
General
General Management
- Russo. Current Management and Future Challenges in the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Medicina 2025;61:738
- Lu. Traumatic brain injury: bridging pathophysiological insights and precision treatment strategies. Neural Regen Res 2025;epublished March 25th
- Slot. Update on traumatic brain injury in the ICU. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2025;epublished February 12th
- Biffl. Diagnosis and management of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024;98(1):1-10
- Hossain. The management of severe traumatic brain injury in the initial postinjury hours – current evidence and controversies. Curr Opin Crit Care 2023;29(6):650-658
- Meyfroidt. Management of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: an update for the intensivist. Intensive Care Med 2022;epublished May 20th
- El-Swaify. Controversies and evidence gaps in the early management of severe traumatic brain injury: back to the ABCs. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2022;7(1):e000859
- Konar. Intensive Care Unit Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Journal of Neurointensive Care 2022;5(1):1-8
- Moore. Low-Value Clinical Practices in Adult Traumatic Brain Injury: An Umbrella Review. J Neurotrauma 2020;37(24):2605-2615
Pathophysiology
- Armstrong. White matter damage and degeneration in traumatic brain injury. Trends in Neurosciences 2024;47(9):677-692
- Brain Multiphysics. Traumatic Brain Injury or Traumatic Brain Disease: A Scientific Commentary. Brain Multiphysics 2024;epublished March 18th
- Cash. Mechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21(9):3344
- Sulhan. Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption following traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. J Neurosci Res 2020;98(1):19-28
- Demers-Marcil. Cerebral metabolic derangements following traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Anaesth 2022;35(5):562-569
Penetrating Brain Injury
Specific Populations
Perioperative Management
Deteriorating Patient
Elderly Patient
- Suehiro. Minimally Invasive and Proactive Approaches for Treatment of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in Elderly Patients. J Clin Med 2025;14(14):5028
- Giner. Traumatic brain injury in the new millennium: new population and new management. Neurologia 2022;37(5):383-389
- Baggiani. Acute traumatic brain injury in frail patients: the next pandemic. Curr Opin Crit Care 2022;28(2):166-175
Children
- Alsuwais. An update on paediatric traumatic brain injury in the emergency department: a narrative review. Eur J Pediatr 2025;184(8):523
- Figaji. Anatomical and Physiological Differences between Children and Adults Relevant to Traumatic Brain Injury and the Implications for Clinical Assessment and Care. Front Neurol 2017;8:685
Complications
Brain
Intracranial Hypertension
Cerebral Oedema
- Cardona-Collazos. Cerebral Edema in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2025;13:1728
- Jha. Pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral edema in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2019;145(Pt B):230-246
- Jha. A Precision Medicine Approach to Cerebral Edema and Intracranial Hypertension after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Quo Vadis? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018;18(12):105
Subdural Haematoma
Traumatic Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Endocrine Dysfunction
- Wexler. Neuroendocrine Disruptions Following Head Injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023;epublished May 6th
- Tan. A neurosurgical approach to traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic hypopituitarism. Pituitary 2019;22(3):332-337
- Capatina. Diabetes Insipidus after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med. 2015;4(7):1448-62
Chronic Complications
Cerebral Hypoxia
Systemic
Multiorgan Dysfunction
ARDS
Coagulopathy
- Bradbury. Viscoelastic Testing and Coagulopathy of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2021;10(21):5039
- Zhang. Coagulopathy induced by traumatic brain injury: systemic manifestation of a localized injury. Blood 2018;131(18):2001-2006
- Medcalf. Fibrinolysis: from blood to the brain. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15(11):2089-2098
Dysnatraemia
Sympathetic Hyperactivity
- Wongsripuemtet. Early Autonomic Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Article Review on the Impact on Multiple Organ Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2025;14:557
- Godbolt. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity during neurorehabilitation for severe acquired brain injury: current Scandinavian practice and Delphi consensus recommendations. BMJ Open 2024;14:e084778
- Zheng. Identification and Management of Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020;11:81
Monitoring & Investigations
Imaging
General Imaging
- Alberts. Updates on Improving Imaging Modalities for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Integr Neurosci 2023;22(6):142
- Hu. Advanced Neuroimaging Role in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. Front Neurosci 2022;16:872609
- Mallon. Imaging of Neurotrauma in Acute and Chronic Settings. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021;19(8):1178-1190
- Lee. Advanced Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury. Korean J Neurotrauma 2020;16(1):3-17
- Bhattrai. Neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury in military personnel: An overview. J Clin Neurosci 2019;70:1-10
- Douglas. Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury. Med Sci 2018;7(1):2
- Mutch. Imaging Evaluation of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2016;27(4):409-39
- Lee. Neuroimaging in Traumatic Brain Imaging. NeuroRx 2005;2(2):372–383
MRI
Individual Monitors
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
- Bianchini. Management of intracranial hypertension with and without invasive intracranial pressure monitoring. World J Crit Care Med 2025;14(3):105645
- Anania. Escalation therapy in severe traumatic brain injury: how long is intracranial pressure monitoring necessary? Neurosurg Rev 2021;44(5):2415-2423
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Cerebral Microdialysis
- Zimphango. Monitoring Neurochemistry in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Using Microdialysis Integrated with Biosensors: A Review. Metabolites 2022;12(5):393
- Carteron. Cerebral Microdialysis Monitoring to Improve Individualized Neurointensive Care Therapy: An Update of Recent Clinical Data. Front Neurol 2017;8:601
- Posti. Metabolomics Profiling As a Diagnostic Tool in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017;8:398
- Ercole. Current and Emerging Technologies for Probing Molecular Signatures of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2017;8:450
Brain Tissue Oxygenation
Multimodal Monitoring
General
- Lindblad. Current state of high-fidelity multimodal monitoring in traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir 2022;164(12):3091-3100
- Forcione. Mismatch between Tissue Partial Oxygen Pressure and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Neuromonitoring of Tissue Respiration in Acute Brain Trauma: The Rationale for Implementing a Multimodal Monitoring Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(3):1122
- Kurtz. Nutrition Therapy, Glucose Control, and Brain Metabolism in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multimodal Monitoring Approach. Front Neurosci 2020;14:190
- Stocker. Intensive Care in Traumatic Brain Injury Including Multi-Modal Monitoring and Neuroprotection. Med Sci 2019;7(3):37
- Smith. Multimodality Neuromonitoring in Adult Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. Anesthesiology 2018;128(2):401-415
Haemorrhage Investigations
Viscoelastic Testing
Biomarkers
General
- Hossain. Blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: A narrative review of current evidence. Brain Spine 2023;4:102735
- Ghaith. A Literature Review of Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers. Mol Neurobiol 2022;59(7):4141-4158
- Huibregtse. The biological significance and clinical utility of emerging blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021;130:433-447
Paediatric Biomarkers
Miscellaneous Monitoring
Neuro Inflammation
Therapy
General Therapy
Brain
General
Sedation
External Ventricular Drain
Induced Hypothermia
Decompressive Craniectomy
- Domi. Evolution from Decompressive Craniectomy to Early Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach for Refractory Increased Intracranial Pressure Treatment: Merit or Social Problems? Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2025;53(4):142-146
- Patel. Decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury: a review of recent landmark trials. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2025;10:e001784
- Solomou. Decompressive craniectomy in trauma: What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024;97(4):490-496
- Shah. Timing of Decompressive Craniectomy for Ischemic Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review. Front Neurol 2019;10:11
Cerebral Autoregulation Guided
Rehabilitation
- Andrei. Efficacy of Neurorehabilitation Approaches in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Comprehensive Review. Life 2025;15:503
- Nazwar. Mobilization phases in traumatic brain injury. Acute Crit Care 2023;38(3):261-270
- Akira. The Outcome of Neurorehabilitation Efficacy and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022;16:870190
- Oberholzer. Neurorehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Clinical Review. Med Sci 2019;7(3):47
Drugs
- Luzzi. Beyond nimodipine: advanced neuroprotection strategies for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurosurg Rev 2024;47:305
- Lerouet. Neuropharmacology in traumatic brain injury: from preclinical to clinical neuroprotection? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021;35(3):524-538
- Ng. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci 2019;13:528
- Anghinah. Traumatic brain injury pharmacological treatment: recommendations. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2018;76(2):100-103
Paediatric Therapies
Systemic
Mechanical Ventilation
Hyperventilation
Fluids
Red Cell Transfusion
Nutrition
Renin-Angiotensin System
Venous Thromboembolism
Last updated August 5th, 2025