General
General Management
- Hernandez. Twenty-five years of septic shock hemodynamic resuscitation trials: a conceptual perspective. Crit Care 2026;30:400
- Carvey. The Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Novel Update and Bedside Reference Guide. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep 2025;13:7
- Jang. Navigating the modern landscape of sepsis: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25(13):7396
- Kamath. Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: What Have We Learned in the Last Two Decades? Microorganisms 2023;11(9):2231
- Patel. Sepsis Management for the Nephrologist. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022;17(6):880-889
- Jarczak. Sepsis-Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Concepts. Front Med 2021;8:628302
- Gavelli. Management of sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Intern Emerg Med 2021;16(6):1649-1661
Personalised Management
Paediatrics
- Abady. Refractory shock in pediatric emergency departments: challenges and innovations in early escalation: a narrative review. SAGE Open Pediatr. 2026;epublished June 2nd
- Ranjit. Hemodynamic Management Strategies in Pediatric Septic Shock: Ten Concepts for the Bedside Practitioner. Indian Pediatr 2024;epublished January 9th
- Miranda. Pediatric Sepsis: a Summary of Current Definitions and Management Recommendations. Curr Pediatr Rep 2023;11(2):29-39
- Gupta. Advances in Shock Management and Fluid Resuscitation in Children. Indian J Pediatr 2023;90(3):280-288
Surviving Sepsis Campaign
Artificial Intelligence
Background
Pathophysiology
- Feng. Sepsis: the evolution of molecular pathogenesis concepts and clinical management. MedComm 2025;6(3):e70109
- Wang. The role of programmed cell death in organ dysfunction induced by opportunistic pathogens. Crit Care 2025;29:43
- Zhang. The pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets in sepsis. MedComm 2023;4(6):e418
- Kellum. The role of endotoxin in septic shock. Crit Care 2023;27(1):400
- Dargent. Role of the interstitium during septic shock: a key to the understanding of fluid dynamics? J Intensive Care 2023;11(1):44
Immune Dysregulation
- Nedel. Why should lymphocytes immune profile matter in sepsis? World J Crit Care Med 2025;14(2):98791
- Hancock. Deciphering sepsis: transforming diagnosis and treatment through systems immunology. Front Sci 2025;2:1469417
- Shankar-Hari. Reframing sepsis immunobiology for translation: towards informative subtyping and targeted immunomodulatory therapies. Lancet Respir Med 2024;12(4):323-336
- Garduno. Targeting Sepsis: Disease Tolerance, Immune Resilience, and Compartmentalized Immunity. Biomedicines 2024;12(11):2420
- Cao. Immune dysregulation in sepsis: experiences, lessons and perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2023;9:465
- Das. Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Sepsis. Biomolecules 2023;13:1332
- Bode. Targeting the host response in sepsis: current approaches and future evidence. Crit Care 2023;27(1):478
- Wiersinga. Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis. EBioMedicine 2022;epublished December 2nd
Circulatory Dysfunction
- Pinsky. Pathophysiological implications of ventriculoarterial coupling in septic shock. ICMx 2023;11:87
- Demailly. Ventriculo-arterial (un)coupling in septic shock: Impact of current and upcoming hemodynamic drugs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;10:1172703
- Ratnani. Vasoplegia: A Review. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2023;19(4):38-47
Haemostatic Dysfunction
Temperature Dysfunction
Epidemiology
- Saito. Sepsis in Global Health: Current global strategies to fight against sepsis. Acute Med Surg 2025;epublished February 19th
- La Via. The Global Burden of Sepsis and Septic Shock. Epidemiologia 2024;5(3):456-478
- Bracken. The Aetiology and Global Impact of Paediatric Sepsis. Curr Pediatr Rep 2023;epublished November 27th
- Fleischmann-Struzek. Challenges of assessing the burden of sepsis. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2023;118(Suppl 2):68-74
Vitamin D
Presepsis
Paediatric Sepsis Definition
- Watson. The 2024 Phoenix Sepsis Score Criteria: Part 1, the Evolution in Definition of Sepsis and Septic Shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2025;26(2):e246-e251
- de Oliveira. The 2024 Phoenix Sepsis Score Criteria: Part 2, What About Using Interventions in the Criteria? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2025;26(2):e252-e255
- Hall. The 2024 Phoenix Sepsis Score Criteria: Part 3, What About Using Stages of Sepsis in the Criteria? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2025;26(2):e256-e261
- Wiens. The 2024 Phoenix Sepsis Score Criteria: Part 4, What About Using World-Oriented Criteria? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2025;26(2):e262-e265
- Randolph. The 2024 Phoenix Sepsis Score Criteria: Part 5, What About “Parsimony” in the Criteria—Is Less Really More? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2025;26(2):e266-e271
Conditions
Endotoxaemic Septic Shock
Cardiac ICU
Respiratory Infections
Coagulopathy
- Iba. Sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) in the management of sepsis. Ann Intensive Care 2024;14:148
- Kochhar. Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy. J Card Crit Care TSS 2024;8:7-10
- Iba. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Intensive Care 2023;11:24
see also coagulopathy
Surgical Patient
Complications
Immunosuppression
- Cao. Immune dysregulation in sepsis: experiences, lessons and perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2023;9(1):465
- Pei. Clinical practice of sepsis-induced immunosuppression: Current immunotherapy and future options. Chin J Traumatol 2023;epublished November 8th
- Finfer. Lymphopenia in sepsis—an acquired immunodeficiency?. Immunol Cell Biol 2023;101: 535-544
Microcirculatory Disorder
Psychiatric Disorder
Endothelial Dysfunction
Post Sepsis Syndrome
Monitoring & Investigations
General
Imaging
Ultrasound
- Tullo. Ultrasound in Sepsis and Septic Shock-From Diagnosis to Treatment. J Clin Med 2023;12(3):1185
- Verras. Point of Care Ultrasonography for the Septic Patient in the Emergency Department: A Literature Review. J Clin Med 2023;12(3):1105
- Polyzogopoulou. Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Multimodal Tool for the Management of Sepsis in the Emergency Department. Medicina 2023;59(6):1180
- Salinas. Critical Care Echocardiography-A Driven Approach to Undifferentiated Shock. Tex Heart Inst J 2023;50(5):e228075
Biomarkers
Biomarkers
- Bourika. Biomarkers to guide sepsis management. Ann Intensive Care 2025;15:103
- Wang. Research Progress of Biomarkers for Sepsis and Precision Medicine. Emerg Med Int 2025;2025:4585495
- Llitjos. Enhancing sepsis biomarker development: key considerations from public and private perspectives. Crit Care 2024;28:238
- Ahuja. Biomarkers in sepsis-looking for the Holy Grail or chasing a mirage! World J Crit Care Med. 2023;12(4):188-203
- Méndez Hernández. Biomarkers as Prognostic Predictors and Therapeutic Guide in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical Evidence. J Pers Med 2023;13(2):333
- Póvoa. How to use biomarkers of infection or sepsis at the bedside: guide to clinicians. Intensive Care Med. 2023;49(2):142-153
- Komorowski. Sepsis biomarkers and diagnostic tools with a focus on machine learning. EBioMedicine 2022;epublished December 2nd
Procalcitonin
- Tissières. Use of procalcitonin in therapeutic decisions in the pediatric intensive care unit. Ann Intensive Care 2025;15:55
- Mućka. Procalcitonin: Infection or Maybe Something More? Noninfectious Causes of Increased Serum Procalcitonin Concentration: Updated Knowledge. Life 2025;15(3):446
- Schuetz. How to best use procalcitonin to diagnose infections and manage antibiotic treatment. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022;61(5):822-828
- Hamade. Procalcitonin: Where Are We Now? Crit Care Clin. 2020 Jan;36(1):23-40
- Paudel. Procalcitonin: A promising tool or just another overhyped test? Int J Med Sci. 2020 Jan 18;17(3):332-337
- Ozbay. Diagnostic and Prognostic Roles of Procalcitonin and Other Tools in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 May 26;13(11):1869
- Chiotos. Does procalcitonin have clinical utility in the management of paediatric community-acquired pneumonia? A PRO/CON debate. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2021 Oct 22;3(4):dlab153
Computational Models
- Hancock. Deciphering sepsis: transforming diagnosis and treatment through systems immunology. Front Sci 2025;2:1469417
- Gupta. Investigating computational models for diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis based on clinical parameters: opportunities, challenges, and future research directions. J Intensive Med 2024;epublished July 10th
Thromboelastometry
Miscellaneous
Artificial Intelligence
Therapies
General
Fluids
- Carlos Sanchez. Fluids and Early Vasopressors in the Management of Septic Shock: Do We Have the Right Answers Yet?. J Crit Care Med 2023;9(3):138-147
- Monnet. How I personalize fluid therapy in septic shock? Crit Care 2023;27(1):123
- Moschopoulos. New Insights into the Fluid Management in Patients with Septic Shock. Medicina 2023;59(6):1047
- Wiedermann. Controversies Surrounding Albumin Use in Sepsis: Lessons from Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:17606
Vasopressors
- Teja. How We Escalate Vasopressor and Corticosteroid Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock. Chest 2023;163(3):567-574
- Hamzaoui. The Eight Unanswered and Answered Questions about the Use of Vasopressors in Septic Shock. J Clin Med 2023;12(14):4589
- Zhou. Should we initiate vasopressors earlier in patients with septic shock: A mini systemic review. World J Crit Care Med 2023;12(4):204-216
- Fage. Norepinephrine and Vasopressin in Hemorrhagic Shock: A Focus on Renal Hemodynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24(4):4103
- García-Álvarez. Vasopressin in Sepsis and Other Shock States: State of the Art. J Pers Med 2023;13(11):1548
- Thoppil. Impact of norepinephrine on immunity and oxidative metabolism in sepsis. Front Immunol 2023;14:1271098
- Meresse. Vasopressors to treat refractory septic shock. Minerva Anestesiol 2020;86(5):537-545
Resuscitation
Corticosteroids
- Mahmoud. Corticosteroids in sepsis. J Intensive Med 2025;epublished September 19th
- Rulli. Corticosteroids in pediatric septic shock: a narrative review. J Pers Med 2024;14:1155
- Nethathe. Glucocorticoids with or without fludrocortisone in septic shock: a narrative review from a biochemical and molecular perspective. Br J Anaesth 2023;epublished November 28th
- Lee. Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG): spatiotemporal distribution of cortisol in sepsis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023;34(3):181-190
- Ammar. Timing of vasoactive agents and corticosteroid initiation in septic shock. Ann Intensive Care 2022;12(1):47
Immunomodulation
- Thom. Future applications of host direct therapies for infectious disease treatment. Front Immunol 2024;15:1436557
- Slim. Non-conventional immunomodulation in the management of sepsis. Eur J Intern Med 2024:121:9-16
- Bode. Targeting the host response in sepsis: current approaches and future evidence. Crit Care 2023;27:478
- Zhang. Optimal strategy for treatment of sepsis based on the host inflammatory reaction and immune response. J Intensive Med 2023;epublished November 18th
- Marques. Treatment Advances in Sepsis and Septic Shock: Modulating Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms. J Clin Med 2023;12(8):2892
- Kharga. Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody-Based Approaches in the Management of Bacterial Sepsis. Biomedicines 2023;11(3):765
Immunoglobulin
Blood Purification
- Guarino. Extracorporeal Cytokine Adsorption in Sepsis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2025;13(7):1684
- Yessayan. Extracorporeal therapies in sepsis: a comprehensive review of the Selective Cytopheretic Device, Polymyxin B and Seraph cartridges. Renal Fail 2025;47(1):2459349
- Ronco. Rationale for sequential extracorporeal therapy (SET) in sepsis. Crit Care 2023;27(1):50
- Berlot. The Techniques of Blood Purification in the Treatment of Sepsis and Other Hyperinflammatory Conditions. J Clin Med 2023;12(5):1723
- Monard. New Targets for Extracorporeal Blood Purification Therapies in Sepsis. Blood Purif 2023;52(1):1-7
Anticoagulation
Last updated August 3rd, 2026